In addition, transcription adds another layer for intricate gene regulation, especially in species with large genomes that require minute adjustments in metabolism. Small errors in the RNA transcript can be overcome since the RNA molecule has a short half-life, but changes to the DNA become heritable mutations. In addition, separating DNA from the site for protein synthesis also protects genetic material from the biochemical and biophysical stresses of complex, multilayered processes. Transcription maintains the link between these two molecules and allows cells to use a stable nucleic acid as the genetic material while retaining most of their protein synthesis machinery. Therefore, DNA emerged as the preferred molecule for carrying genetic information since it is more stable and resistant to degradation. Additionally, the bonds on the sugar phosphate backbone of RNA are vulnerable to even mild changes in pH and can undergo alkaline hydrolysis. With evolution, proteins took over catalysis because they are capable of a greater variety of sequences and structures. Life on earth is said to have begun from self-replicating RNA since it is the only class of molecules capable of both catalysis and carrying genetic information.
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